Rode Runner Industries 6666 Second Street Ewan City, AZ 85245
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TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1. Form In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional: 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam. Perfect conditional - form The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would + the perfect infinitive of the main verb (=have + past participle): Subject would perfect infinitive He They would would have gone... have stayed... Affirmative I would have believed ... Negative She wouldn't have given... Interrogative Would you have left...? Interrogative negative Wouldn't he have been...? Example: to go, Past conditional Affirmative Negative Interrogative I would have gone I wouldn't have gone Would I have gone? You would have gone You wouldn't have gone Would you have gone? He would have gone She wouldn't have gone Would it have gone? We would have gone We wouldn't have gone Would we have gone? You would have gone You wouldn't have gone Would you have gone? They would have gone They wouldn't have gone Would they have gone? In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. Type 3 conditional sentences, are truly hypothetical or unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always an unspoken "but..." phrase: • If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam (but I didn't work hard, and I didn't pass the exam). • If I'd known you were coming I'd have baked a cake (but I didn't know, and I haven't baked a cake). NOTE: Both would and had can be contracted to 'd, which can be confusing. Remember that you NEVER use would in the IF-clause, so in the example above, "If I'd known" must be "If I had known", and "I'd have baked" must be "I would have baked.." Examples: a. If I'd known you were in hospital, I would have visited you. b. I would have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday. c. If they'd had a better goalkeeper they wouldn't have lost the game. d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I'd have sent you an e-mail. e. Would you have bought an elephant if you'd known how much they eat?
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TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1. Form In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional: 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired. Present conditional, form The present conditional of any verb is composed of two parts - the modal auxiliary would + the infinitive of the main verb (without 'to'.) Subject would infinitive without to She would learn Affirmative I would go Negative I wouldn't ask Interrogative Would she come? Interrogative negative Wouldn't they accept? Would: Contractions of would In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd. I'd We'd you'd you'd he'd, she'd they'd The negative contraction = wouldn't. Example: to accept, Present conditional Affirmative Negative Interrogative I would accept I wouldn't accept Would I accept? You would accept You wouldn't accept Would you accept? He would accept She wouldn't accept Would he accept? We would accept We wouldn't accept Would we accept? You would accept You wouldn't accept Would you accept? They would accept They wouldn't accept Would they accept? 2. Function In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. The use of the past tense after 'if' indicates unreality. We can nearly always add a phrase starting with "but", that expresses the real situation: • If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park (...but it is bad, so we can't go) • If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone £100. (...but I'm not, so I won't) Examples of use: 1. To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but is possible: I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven't got time but I might have some time) 2. To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never could be real: If I were you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you) Examples: a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain. b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring. c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her. d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood English grammar. e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket? f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like her g. We would be able to buy a larger house if we had more money NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If I was".
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Source: English for The SLTA-Structure Reference Book II & III, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
A conditional sentence is a complex sentence expressing a result which is expected from a condition. The condition is stated in a clause which generally begins with the word (/, and the result is expressed in the main clause. The result expected can be real or unreal.
Conditional Sentences with If.
Frame 1: Affirmative Main Clause
MAIN CLAUSE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
IF
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
WILL/ WOULD/ WOULD HAVE ETC,
VERB
OBJECT, ETC.
VERB
OBJECT, ETC.
1
I
will
go
if
he
gives
me the money.
2
He
can
pass
the exam
if
he
studies
hard.
3
She
may
come
if
she
isn’t
ill.
4
I
would
go
if
he
gave
me the money.
5
He
should
pass
the exam
if
he
studied
hard.
6
She
might
come
if
she
weren’t
ill.
7
I
would have
gone
if
he
had given
me the money.
8
He
could have
passed
the exam
if
he
had studied
hard.
9
She
might have
come
if
she
hadn’t been
ill.
1. There are three important types of conditional sentences:
a). Future conditional sentences
b). Present conditional sentences
c). Past conditional sentences
a) A future conditional sentence expresses that something mentioned in the if – clause will probably happen or is likely to happen in the present or in the future.
b) A present conditional sentence expresses that something mentioned in the if – clause is unreal or contrary to the fact of the present.
c) A past conditional sentence also states a contrary – to – the -fact condition. It expresses that something mentioned in the if- clause did not occur in the past.
a) In the future conditional sentence the main clause uses will, can, must, may, to be going to. have to, expect to, plus the first form of a verb. The verb in the conditional clause is in the present tense. See sentences 1, 2 and 3 in the frame.
b) In the present conditional sentence the main clause uses would, could, might, was going to, expected to, plus the first form of a verb. The verb in the conditional clause is in the past tense. See sentences 4, 5 and 6 in the frame.
c) In the past conditional sentence the main clause uses would have, could have, might have, plus the third form of a verb. The verb in the conditional clause is in the past perfect tense. See sentences 7, 8 and 9 in the frame. The contracted forms would’ve, could’ve, etc. are often used instead of would have, could have, etc.
2. When the verb in the present conditional sentence is be, were is commonly used for all persons. See sentence 6 in the frame.
Other examples:
(1) I might come if I weren ‘t ill.
(2) You could go if she were here.
(3) They would study if they were students.
3. The verb form used in the contrary – to – fact condition is also called subjunctive.
The conditional clause can follow or precede the main clause.
Examples:
(1) He will come if he gets a car.
(2) I would go if he gave me the book.
(3) We could have invited her if she had been here. or:
(1) If he gets a car, he will come.
(2) If he gave me the book, / would go.
(3) If she had been here, we could have invited her.
4. When the conditional clause precedes the main clause, it is often separated from the main clause by a comma (,).
5. The main clause can be in the affirmative, interrogative (question); or negative form. All the sentences in the above frame have affirmative main clauses. The conditional clause can be affirmative (sentences 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 or negative (sentences 3, 6, 9).
